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Albert-Bernard Bongo( 1935-12-30)30 December 1935, (now, )Died8 June 2009 (2009-06-08) (aged 73), SpainPolitical partySpouse(s)Louise Mouyabi Moukala (1957–1959)(1959–1987)(1989–2009)Children30+ (by various partners), includingMilitary serviceAllegianceBranch/serviceRankCaptainEl Hadj Omar Bongo Ondimba (born Albert-Bernard Bongo; 30 December 1935 – 8 June 2009) was a politician who was for 42 years, from 1967 until his death in 2009. Omar Bongo was promoted to key positions as a young official under Gabon's first President in the 1960s, before being elected in his own right in 1966. In 1967, he succeeded M'ba to become the second President, upon the latter's death.Bongo headed the single-party regime of the (PDG) until 1990, when, faced with public pressure, he was forced to introduce politics into Gabon. His political survival despite intense opposition to his rule in the early 1990s seemed to stem once again from consolidating power by bringing most of the major leaders at the time to his side. The was extremely controversial but ended with his re-election then and the subsequent elections of 1998 and 2005. His respective parliamentary majorities increased and the opposition becoming more subdued with each succeeding election. After President stepped down in February 2008, Bongo became the world's longest-ruling non-royal leader.

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He was one of the longest serving non-royal rulers since 1900.Bongo was criticized for in effect having worked for himself, his family and local elites and not for Gabon and its people. For instance, politician claimed that during Bongo's long reign, despite an oil-led per capita growth to one of the highest levels in Africa, Gabon built only 5 km of freeway a year and still had one of the world's highest rates by the time of his death in 2009.After Bongo's death in June 2009, his son —who had long been assigned key ministerial responsibilities by his father—was. Omar Bongo's state visit to in 1984Opposition to President Bongo's regime first appeared in the late 1970s, as economic difficulties became more acute for the Gabonese. The first organized, but illegal, opposition party was MORENA, the Movement for National Restoration (Mouvement de redressement national). This moderate opposition group sponsored demonstrations by students and academic staff at the Universite Omar Bongo in Libreville in December 1981, when the university was temporarily closed. MORENA accused Bongo of corruption and personal extravagance and of favoring his own Bateke tribe; the group demanded that a multi-party system be restored. Arrests were made in February 1982, when the opposition distributed leaflets criticizing the Bongo regime during a visit.

In November 1982, 37 MORENA members were tried and convicted of offenses against state security. Severe sentences were handed out, including 20 years of hard labor for 13 of the defendants; all were pardoned, however, and released by mid-1986.Despite these pressures, Omar Bongo remained committed to one-party rule.

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In 1985, legislative elections were held which followed past procedures; all nominations were approved by PDG, which then presented a single list of candidates. The candidates were ratified by popular vote on 3 March 1985. In November 1986 Bongo was re-elected by 99.97% of the popular vote.

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Multi-party rule On 22 May 1990, after strikes, riots and unrest, the PDG central committee and the National Assembly approved constitutional amendments to facilitate the transition to a multi-party system. The existing presidential mandate, effective through 1994, was to be respected. Subsequent elections to the presidency would be contested by more than one candidate, and the presidential term of office was changed to five years with a consisting of one re-election to the office.The next day, 23 May 1990, a vocal critic of Bongo and the leading political opposition leader, Joseph Rendjambe, was found dead in a hotel, reportedly murdered by poison.

The death of Rendjambe, a prominent business executive and secretary-general of the opposition group Parti gabonais du progres (PGP), touched off the worst rioting in Bongo's 23-year rule. Presidential buildings in Libreville were set on fire and the French consul-general and ten oil company employees were taken hostage.

French troops evacuated foreigners and a state of emergency was declared in Port Gentil, Rendjambe's hometown and a strategic oil production site. During this emergency Gabon's two main oil producers, Elf and Shell, cut output from 270,000 barrels per day (43,000 m 3/d) to 20,000. Bongo threatened to withdraw their exploration licenses unless they restored normal output, which they soon did. France sent in 500 troops to reinforce the 500-man battalion of Marines permanently stationed in Gabon 'to protect the interests of 20,000 resident French nationals'. Tanks and troops were deployed around the presidential palace to halt rioters.In December 1993, Bongo won the first presidential election held under the new multi-party constitution, by a considerably narrower margin of around 51.4%. Opposition candidates refused to validate the election results. Serious civil disturbances led to an agreement between the government and opposition factions to work toward a political settlement.

These talks led to the Paris Accords in November 1994, under which several opposition figures were included in a government of national unity. This arrangement soon broke down, however, and the 1996 and 1997 legislative and municipal elections provided the backdrop for renewed partisan politics.

The PDG won a landslide victory in the legislative election, but several major cities, including Libreville, elected opposition mayors during the 1997 local election. Bongo was eventually successful in consolidating power again, with most of the major opposition leaders being either co-opted by being given high-ranking posts in the government or bought off, ensuring his comfortable re-election in 1998. Omar Bongo with the President of Brazil,.An ardent, Bongo was at the inception of his Presidency happy to strike a favorable bargain with the old colonial power, France.

He gave the French oil company, privileged rights to exploit Gabon's oil reserves while Paris returned the favor by guaranteeing his grip on power for the indefinite future.Bongo went on to preside over an oil boom that undoubtedly fueled an extravagant lifestyle for him and his family—dozens of luxurious properties in and around France, a US$800 million presidential palace in Gabon, fancy cars, etc. This enabled him to amass enough wealth to become one of the world's richest men.

He carefully allowed just enough oil money to trickle down to the general population of 1.4 million, thus avoiding mass unrest. He built some basic infrastructure in Libreville and, ignoring advice to establish a road network instead, constructed the US$4bn line deep into the forested interior. Funded the salaries of a bloated civil service, spreading enough of the state's wealth among the population to keep most of them fed and dressed.

Gabon under Bongo was described in 2008 by the UK Guardian newspaper:Gabon produces some sugar, beer and bottled water. Despite the rich soil and tropical climate, there is only a tiny amount of agricultural production.

Fruit and vegetables arrive on trucks from Cameroon. Milk is flown in from France. And years of dependence on relatives with civil service jobs means that many Gabonese have no interest in seeking work outside the state sector – most manual jobs are taken by immigrants.Bongo used part of the money to build up a fairly large circle of people who supported him such as government ministers, high administrators, and army officers. He had learned from how to give government ministries to different tribal groups so that someone from every important group had a representative in the government.

Bongo had no ideology beyond self-interest, but there was no opposition with an ideology either. He ruled by knowing how the self-interest of others could be manipulated. He was skilled at persuading opposition figures to become his allies. He offered critics modest slices of the nation's oil wealth, co-opting or buying off opponents rather than crushing them outright. He became the most successful of all Africa's leaders, comfortably extending his political dominance into the fifth decade.When multi-party presidential elections were held in 1993, which he won, the poll was marred by allegations of rigging, with the opposition claiming that chief rival, Father Paul Mba Abessole, was robbed of victory.

Gabon found itself on the brink of a civil war, as the opposition staged violent demonstrations. Determined to prove that he was not a dictator who relied on brute force for his political survival, Bongo entered into talks with the opposition, negotiating what became known as the Paris Agreement. When Bongo won the second presidential elections held in 1998, similar controversy raged over his victory. The president responded by meeting some of his critics to discuss revising legislation to guarantee free and fair elections. After Bongo's Gabonese Democratic Party scored a landslide victory in the 2001 legislative elections, Bongo offered government posts to influential opposition members. Father Abessole accepted a ministerial post in the name of 'friendly democracy'.

Ali Bongo Ondimba with U.S. Secretary of State in March 2010The main opposition leader, of the Gabonese People's Union, refused to attend the post 1998 elections meetings, claiming that they were merely a ploy by Bongo to lure opposition leaders. Mamboundou called for a boycott of the legislative elections held in December 2001, and his supporters burned ballot boxes and papers in a polling station in his hometown of Ndende. He then rejected offers for a senior post after the 2001 legislative elections. But despite threats from Bongo, Mamboundou was never arrested. The president declared that a 'policy of forgiveness' was his 'best revenge'. 'In 2006, however, Maboundou, stopped his public criticisms of Mr.

The former brand made no secret that the president pledged to give him US$21.5 million for the development of his constituency of Ndende'. As time went on, Bongo depended on more and more on his close family members.

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By 2009, his son Ali by his first wife had been the Minister of Defense since 1999, while his daughter, Pascaline, was the head of the President's administration and her husband the Minister of Foreign Affairs,.In 2000, he put an end to a student strike by providing about US$1.35m for the purchase of the computers and books they were demanding. 'He was a self-proclaimed nature lover in a country with the largest percentage of the untrammeled virgin jungle of all the nations in the Congo basin. In 2002, he set aside 10 percent of Gabon's land as national parks, pledging that they would never be logged, mined, hunted or farmed.' He was not beyond some measure of self-aggrandisement, 'thus, Gabon acquired Bongo University, Bongo Airport, numerous Bongo Hospitals, Bongo Stadium and Bongo Gymnasium. The president's hometown, was inevitably renamed.'

On the international stage, Bongo cultivated an image as a mediator, playing a pivotal role in attempts to solve the crises in the, and the. In 1986, Bongo's image was boosted abroad when he received the Dag Hammarskjold Peace Prize for efforts to resolve the Chad-Libya border conflict. He was popular among his own people as his reign had guaranteed peace and stability.Under Mr. Bongo's rule, Gabon never had a coup or a, a rare achievement for a nation surrounded by unstable, war-torn states. Fueled by, the country's was more like that of an than a Central African nation. For many years Gabon was said, perhaps apocryphally, to have the world's highest per capita consumption of.

Personal life. Bongo, Omar Bongo and in 1973Bongo converted to and took the name while on a visit to in 1973. At the time constituted a tiny minority of the native population; following Bongo's conversion the numbers grew, although they remained a small minority. He added Ondimba as a on 15 November 2003 in recognition of his father, Basile Ondimba, who died in 1942.Bongo's first marriage was to Louise Mouyabi-Moukala. They had a daughter, born at in 1957. Pascaline was Gabon's Foreign Minister and subsequently Director of the Presidential Cabinet.Bongo's second marriage was to Marie Josephine Kama, later known as Josephine Bongo.

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He divorced her in 1987, after which she went on to launch a music career under a new name,. They had a son, and a daughter, Albertine Amissa Bongo. Born at in 1959, Alain Bernard Bongo (later known as Ali-Ben Bongo) served as Foreign Minister from 1989 to 1992, then as Defence Minister from 1999 to 2009, and was then elected President in August 2009 to replace his father.Bongo then married, nearly 30 years his junior, in 1989. She was the daughter of President. She was a trained pediatrician, known for her commitment to fighting AIDS. She bore Bongo two children. Edith Lucie Bongo died on 14 March 2009, four days after her 45th birthday in, where she had been undergoing treatment for several months.

The statement announcing her death did not specify the cause of death or the nature of her illness. She had not appeared in public for around three years preceding her death.

She was buried on 22 March 2009 in the family cemetery in the northern town of Edou, in her native Congo.In all, Bongo had more than 30 children with his wives and other women.Bongo did also have some measure of scandal. In 2004, The New York Times reported that:is investigating claims that a beauty pageant contestant was lured to Gabon to become the lover of its 67-year-old president, Omar Bongo, and was stranded for nearly two weeks after she refused. A spokesman for Mr. Bongo said he was unaware of the allegations. The Peruvian Foreign Ministry said that Ivette Santa Maria, a 22-year-old Miss Peru America contestant, was invited to Gabon to be a hostess for a pageant there. In an interview, Ms. Santa Maria said that she was taken to Mr.

Bongo's presidential palace hours after her Jan. 19 arrival and that as he joined her, he pressed a button and some sliding doors opened, revealing a large bed. She said, I told him I was not a prostitute, that I was a Miss Peru. She fled and guards offered to drive her to a hotel. Without money to pay the bill, however, she was stranded in Gabon for 12 days until international women's groups and others intervened. Illness and death. Main article:On 7 May 2009, the Gabonese Government announced that Bongo had temporarily suspended his official duties and taken time off to mourn his wife and rest in Spain.International media, however, reported that he was seriously ill, and undergoing treatment for cancer in hospital in, Spain.

The Gabonese government maintained that he was in Spain for a few days of rest following the 'intense emotional shock' of his wife's death, but eventually admitted that he was in a Spanish clinic 'undergoing a medical check up'.On 7 June 2009, unconfirmed reports quoting French media and citing sources 'close to the French government' reported that Bongo had died in Spain of complications from advanced cancer. The Government of Gabon denied the reports, which had been picked up by numerous other news sources, and continued to insist that he was well. His death was eventually confirmed by then Gabonese Prime Minister Jean Eyeghe Ndong, who said in a written statement that Bongo had died of a heart attack shortly before 12:30 GMT on 8 June 2009.Bongo's body was flown back to Gabon, where it lay in state for five days, as thousands of people came to pay their respects. A followed on 16 June 2009 in which was attended by nearly two dozen African heads of state, including several of the continent's strongmen who themselves have ruled for decades, and by Nicolas Sarkozy and Jacques Chirac—the current and former French presidents (and the only Western heads of state to attend).Bongo's body was then flown to, the main town in the southeastern province of Haut-Ogooue, where he was born, where he was buried in a private family burial on 18 June 2009.

See also. (TICAD-IV), 2008.References.